Monthly top-five lists
Monthly Lists:
1905 - 1915
Duration:
All years
20th century
19th century
50-year span
40-year span
30-year span
20-year span
10-year span
5-year span
3-year span
1-year span
covering
1995-Jan through 2004-Dec
1990-Jan through 1999-Dec
1985-Jan through 1994-Dec
1980-Jan through 1989-Dec
1975-Jan through 1984-Dec
1970-Jan through 1979-Dec
1965-Jan through 1974-Dec
1960-Jan through 1969-Dec
1955-Jan through 1964-Dec
1950-Jan through 1959-Dec
1945-Jan through 1954-Dec
1940-Jan through 1949-Dec
1935-Jan through 1944-Dec
1930-Jan through 1939-Dec
1925-Jan through 1934-Dec
1920-Jan through 1929-Dec
1915-Jan through 1924-Dec
1910-Jan through 1919-Dec
1905-Jan through 1914-Dec
1900-Jan through 1909-Dec
1895-Jan through 1904-Dec
1890-Jan through 1899-Dec
1885-Jan through 1894-Dec
1880-Jan through 1889-Dec
1875-Jan through 1884-Dec
1870-Jan through 1879-Dec
1865-Jan through 1874-Dec
1860-Jan through 1869-Dec
1855-Jan through 1864-Dec
1850-Jan through 1859-Dec
1845-Jan through 1854-Dec
1840-Jan through 1849-Dec
1905
#1-ranked player
#2-ranked player
#3-ranked player
#4-ranked player
#5-ranked player
January 1905 rating list
2781:
Géza Maróczy
2770:
Dawid Janowsky
2744:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2741:
Emanuel Lasker
2733:
Harry Pillsbury
February 1905 rating list
2784:
Géza Maróczy
2768:
Dawid Janowsky
2755:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2738:
Emanuel Lasker
2734:
Carl Schlechter
March 1905 rating list
2786:
Géza Maróczy
2767:
Dawid Janowsky
2762:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2735:
Emanuel Lasker
2733:
Carl Schlechter
April 1905 rating list
2790:
Géza Maróczy
2771:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2766:
Dawid Janowsky
2735:
Carl Schlechter
2732:
Emanuel Lasker
May 1905 rating list
2794:
Géza Maróczy
2778:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2765:
Dawid Janowsky
2736:
Carl Schlechter
2729:
Emanuel Lasker
June 1905 rating list
2796:
Géza Maróczy
2784:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2765:
Dawid Janowsky
2737:
Carl Schlechter
2726:
Emanuel Lasker
July 1905 rating list
2798:
Géza Maróczy
2789:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2764:
Dawid Janowsky
2737:
Carl Schlechter
2724:
Emanuel Lasker
August 1905 rating list
2801:
Géza Maróczy
2794:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2764:
Dawid Janowsky
2738:
Carl Schlechter
2721:
Harry Pillsbury
September 1905 rating list
2805:
Géza Maróczy
2799:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2764:
Dawid Janowsky
2740:
Carl Schlechter
2721:
Frank Marshall
October 1905 rating list
2808:
Géza Maróczy
2804:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2764:
Dawid Janowsky
2742:
Carl Schlechter
2723:
Frank Marshall
November 1905 rating list
2811:
Géza Maróczy
2807:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2764:
Dawid Janowsky
2743:
Carl Schlechter
2724:
Frank Marshall
December 1905 rating list
2814:
Géza Maróczy
2811:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2764:
Dawid Janowsky
2744:
Carl Schlechter
2725:
Frank Marshall
1906
#1-ranked player
#2-ranked player
#3-ranked player
#4-ranked player
#5-ranked player
January 1906 rating list
2817:
Géza Maróczy
2814:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2764:
Dawid Janowsky
2745:
Carl Schlechter
2726:
Frank Marshall
February 1906 rating list
2818:
Géza Maróczy
2813:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2759:
Dawid Janowsky
2748:
Carl Schlechter
2728:
Frank Marshall
March 1906 rating list
2819:
Géza Maróczy
2809:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2753:
Dawid Janowsky
2750:
Carl Schlechter
2731:
Frank Marshall
April 1906 rating list
2819:
Géza Maróczy
2805:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2752:
Carl Schlechter
2746:
Dawid Janowsky
2733:
Frank Marshall
May 1906 rating list
2820:
Géza Maróczy
2802:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2756:
Carl Schlechter
2740:
Dawid Janowsky
2736:
Frank Marshall
June 1906 rating list
2819:
Géza Maróczy
2795:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2756:
Carl Schlechter
2737:
Frank Marshall
2730:
Dawid Janowsky
July 1906 rating list
2818:
Géza Maróczy
2789:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2756:
Carl Schlechter
2737:
Frank Marshall
2721:
Dawid Janowsky
August 1906 rating list
2815:
Géza Maróczy
2782:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2757:
Carl Schlechter
2737:
Frank Marshall
2713:
Richard Teichmann
September 1906 rating list
2813:
Géza Maróczy
2777:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2757:
Carl Schlechter
2737:
Frank Marshall
2711:
Richard Teichmann
October 1906 rating list
2811:
Géza Maróczy
2771:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2758:
Carl Schlechter
2737:
Frank Marshall
2710:
Richard Teichmann
November 1906 rating list
2809:
Géza Maróczy
2765:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2759:
Carl Schlechter
2737:
Frank Marshall
2707:
Richard Teichmann
December 1906 rating list
2807:
Géza Maróczy
2760:
Carl Schlechter
2759:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2738:
Frank Marshall
2710:
Oldrich Duras
1907
#1-ranked player
#2-ranked player
#3-ranked player
#4-ranked player
#5-ranked player
January 1907 rating list
2807:
Géza Maróczy
2761:
Carl Schlechter
2753:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2738:
Frank Marshall
2718:
Oldrich Duras
February 1907 rating list
2799:
Géza Maróczy
2755:
Carl Schlechter
2752:
Emanuel Lasker
2748:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2725:
Frank Marshall
March 1907 rating list
2793:
Géza Maróczy
2764:
Emanuel Lasker
2752:
Carl Schlechter
2747:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2725:
Frank Marshall
April 1907 rating list
2801:
Emanuel Lasker
2789:
Géza Maróczy
2751:
Carl Schlechter
2747:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2721:
Frank Marshall
May 1907 rating list
2810:
Emanuel Lasker
2784:
Géza Maróczy
2748:
Carl Schlechter
2746:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2718:
Frank Marshall
June 1907 rating list
2808:
Emanuel Lasker
2778:
Géza Maróczy
2745:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2745:
Carl Schlechter
2717:
Frank Marshall
July 1907 rating list
2806:
Emanuel Lasker
2773:
Géza Maróczy
2745:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2742:
Carl Schlechter
2721:
Akiba Rubinstein
August 1907 rating list
2804:
Emanuel Lasker
2768:
Géza Maróczy
2744:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2740:
Carl Schlechter
2724:
Akiba Rubinstein
September 1907 rating list
2793:
Emanuel Lasker
2782:
Géza Maróczy
2770:
Akiba Rubinstein
2740:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2739:
Carl Schlechter
October 1907 rating list
2790:
Emanuel Lasker
2780:
Géza Maróczy
2769:
Akiba Rubinstein
2739:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2737:
Carl Schlechter
November 1907 rating list
2787:
Emanuel Lasker
2776:
Géza Maróczy
2769:
Akiba Rubinstein
2738:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2735:
Carl Schlechter
December 1907 rating list
2783:
Emanuel Lasker
2771:
Géza Maróczy
2769:
Akiba Rubinstein
2736:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2732:
Carl Schlechter
1908
#1-ranked player
#2-ranked player
#3-ranked player
#4-ranked player
#5-ranked player
January 1908 rating list
2779:
Emanuel Lasker
2769:
Akiba Rubinstein
2767:
Géza Maróczy
2735:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2729:
Carl Schlechter
February 1908 rating list
2775:
Emanuel Lasker
2767:
Akiba Rubinstein
2765:
Géza Maróczy
2733:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2731:
Carl Schlechter
March 1908 rating list
2771:
Emanuel Lasker
2767:
Akiba Rubinstein
2763:
Géza Maróczy
2732:
Carl Schlechter
2730:
Siegbert Tarrasch
April 1908 rating list
2768:
Emanuel Lasker
2766:
Akiba Rubinstein
2761:
Géza Maróczy
2734:
Carl Schlechter
2728:
Siegbert Tarrasch
May 1908 rating list
2765:
Akiba Rubinstein
2765:
Emanuel Lasker
2757:
Géza Maróczy
2736:
Carl Schlechter
2726:
Siegbert Tarrasch
June 1908 rating list
2764:
Akiba Rubinstein
2761:
Emanuel Lasker
2755:
Géza Maróczy
2737:
Carl Schlechter
2724:
Siegbert Tarrasch
July 1908 rating list
2762:
Akiba Rubinstein
2757:
Emanuel Lasker
2755:
Géza Maróczy
2736:
Carl Schlechter
2724:
Oldrich Duras
August 1908 rating list
2761:
Akiba Rubinstein
2753:
Emanuel Lasker
2753:
Géza Maróczy
2738:
Carl Schlechter
2726:
Oldrich Duras
September 1908 rating list
2797:
Emanuel Lasker
2762:
Akiba Rubinstein
2752:
Géza Maróczy
2738:
Carl Schlechter
2729:
Oldrich Duras
October 1908 rating list
2821:
Emanuel Lasker
2760:
Akiba Rubinstein
2750:
Géza Maróczy
2739:
Carl Schlechter
2731:
Oldrich Duras
November 1908 rating list
2818:
Emanuel Lasker
2759:
Akiba Rubinstein
2749:
Géza Maróczy
2741:
Carl Schlechter
2733:
Oldrich Duras
December 1908 rating list
2816:
Emanuel Lasker
2760:
Akiba Rubinstein
2748:
Géza Maróczy
2743:
Carl Schlechter
2736:
Oldrich Duras
1909
#1-ranked player
#2-ranked player
#3-ranked player
#4-ranked player
#5-ranked player
January 1909 rating list
2814:
Emanuel Lasker
2759:
Akiba Rubinstein
2747:
Géza Maróczy
2744:
Carl Schlechter
2738:
Oldrich Duras
February 1909 rating list
2814:
Emanuel Lasker
2761:
Akiba Rubinstein
2746:
Géza Maróczy
2743:
Carl Schlechter
2738:
Oldrich Duras
March 1909 rating list
2815:
Emanuel Lasker
2763:
Akiba Rubinstein
2746:
Géza Maróczy
2742:
Carl Schlechter
2739:
Oldrich Duras
April 1909 rating list
2817:
Emanuel Lasker
2765:
Akiba Rubinstein
2745:
Géza Maróczy
2741:
Carl Schlechter
2740:
Oldrich Duras
May 1909 rating list
2817:
Emanuel Lasker
2767:
Akiba Rubinstein
2767:
José Capablanca
2745:
Géza Maróczy
2741:
Oldrich Duras
June 1909 rating list
2818:
Emanuel Lasker
2769:
Akiba Rubinstein
2766:
José Capablanca
2744:
Géza Maróczy
2741:
Oldrich Duras
July 1909 rating list
2821:
Emanuel Lasker
2772:
Akiba Rubinstein
2766:
José Capablanca
2743:
Géza Maróczy
2742:
Oldrich Duras
August 1909 rating list
2821:
Emanuel Lasker
2774:
Akiba Rubinstein
2766:
José Capablanca
2743:
Oldrich Duras
2742:
Géza Maróczy
September 1909 rating list
2822:
Emanuel Lasker
2775:
Akiba Rubinstein
2765:
José Capablanca
2740:
Géza Maróczy
2732:
Carl Schlechter
October 1909 rating list
2822:
Emanuel Lasker
2777:
Akiba Rubinstein
2764:
José Capablanca
2739:
Géza Maróczy
2730:
Carl Schlechter
November 1909 rating list
2834:
Emanuel Lasker
2778:
Akiba Rubinstein
2765:
José Capablanca
2738:
Géza Maróczy
2728:
Carl Schlechter
December 1909 rating list
2847:
Emanuel Lasker
2780:
Akiba Rubinstein
2764:
José Capablanca
2737:
Géza Maróczy
2727:
Oldrich Duras
1910
#1-ranked player
#2-ranked player
#3-ranked player
#4-ranked player
#5-ranked player
January 1910 rating list
2847:
Emanuel Lasker
2782:
Akiba Rubinstein
2763:
José Capablanca
2736:
Géza Maróczy
2726:
Oldrich Duras
February 1910 rating list
2827:
Emanuel Lasker
2781:
Akiba Rubinstein
2764:
José Capablanca
2741:
Carl Schlechter
2735:
Géza Maróczy
March 1910 rating list
2830:
Emanuel Lasker
2781:
Akiba Rubinstein
2765:
José Capablanca
2740:
Carl Schlechter
2734:
Géza Maróczy
April 1910 rating list
2828:
Emanuel Lasker
2780:
Akiba Rubinstein
2770:
José Capablanca
2741:
Carl Schlechter
2733:
Géza Maróczy
May 1910 rating list
2827:
Emanuel Lasker
2780:
Akiba Rubinstein
2770:
José Capablanca
2741:
Carl Schlechter
2731:
Géza Maróczy
June 1910 rating list
2826:
Emanuel Lasker
2780:
Akiba Rubinstein
2771:
José Capablanca
2742:
Carl Schlechter
2730:
Géza Maróczy
July 1910 rating list
2824:
Emanuel Lasker
2779:
Akiba Rubinstein
2771:
José Capablanca
2746:
Carl Schlechter
2728:
Géza Maróczy
August 1910 rating list
2823:
Emanuel Lasker
2778:
Akiba Rubinstein
2772:
José Capablanca
2747:
Carl Schlechter
2729:
Oldrich Duras
September 1910 rating list
2821:
Emanuel Lasker
2778:
Akiba Rubinstein
2773:
José Capablanca
2751:
Carl Schlechter
2732:
Oldrich Duras
October 1910 rating list
2820:
Emanuel Lasker
2778:
Akiba Rubinstein
2774:
José Capablanca
2753:
Carl Schlechter
2734:
Oldrich Duras
November 1910 rating list
2820:
Emanuel Lasker
2779:
Akiba Rubinstein
2757:
Carl Schlechter
2741:
José Capablanca
2737:
Oldrich Duras
December 1910 rating list
2837:
Emanuel Lasker
2778:
Akiba Rubinstein
2761:
Carl Schlechter
2740:
José Capablanca
2738:
Oldrich Duras
1911
#1-ranked player
#2-ranked player
#3-ranked player
#4-ranked player
#5-ranked player
January 1911 rating list
2848:
Emanuel Lasker
2776:
Akiba Rubinstein
2764:
Carl Schlechter
2741:
José Capablanca
2740:
Oldrich Duras
February 1911 rating list
2847:
Emanuel Lasker
2775:
Akiba Rubinstein
2763:
Carl Schlechter
2740:
José Capablanca
2738:
Oldrich Duras
March 1911 rating list
2838:
Emanuel Lasker
2780:
Akiba Rubinstein
2773:
José Capablanca
2753:
Carl Schlechter
2720:
Richard Teichmann
April 1911 rating list
2837:
Emanuel Lasker
2780:
Akiba Rubinstein
2772:
José Capablanca
2753:
Carl Schlechter
2723:
Richard Teichmann
May 1911 rating list
2836:
Emanuel Lasker
2779:
Akiba Rubinstein
2767:
José Capablanca
2754:
Carl Schlechter
2726:
Richard Teichmann
June 1911 rating list
2834:
Emanuel Lasker
2777:
Akiba Rubinstein
2764:
José Capablanca
2755:
Carl Schlechter
2727:
Richard Teichmann
July 1911 rating list
2832:
Emanuel Lasker
2775:
Akiba Rubinstein
2767:
José Capablanca
2755:
Carl Schlechter
2729:
Richard Teichmann
August 1911 rating list
2831:
Emanuel Lasker
2774:
Akiba Rubinstein
2765:
José Capablanca
2755:
Carl Schlechter
2732:
Richard Teichmann
September 1911 rating list
2829:
Emanuel Lasker
2773:
Akiba Rubinstein
2764:
José Capablanca
2755:
Carl Schlechter
2734:
Richard Teichmann
October 1911 rating list
2828:
Emanuel Lasker
2772:
Akiba Rubinstein
2762:
José Capablanca
2755:
Carl Schlechter
2737:
Richard Teichmann
November 1911 rating list
2826:
Emanuel Lasker
2772:
Akiba Rubinstein
2760:
José Capablanca
2755:
Carl Schlechter
2739:
Richard Teichmann
December 1911 rating list
2824:
Emanuel Lasker
2772:
Akiba Rubinstein
2755:
Carl Schlechter
2754:
José Capablanca
2742:
Richard Teichmann
1912
#1-ranked player
#2-ranked player
#3-ranked player
#4-ranked player
#5-ranked player
January 1912 rating list
2822:
Emanuel Lasker
2772:
Akiba Rubinstein
2755:
Carl Schlechter
2753:
José Capablanca
2744:
Richard Teichmann
February 1912 rating list
2819:
Emanuel Lasker
2773:
Akiba Rubinstein
2753:
Carl Schlechter
2750:
José Capablanca
2741:
Richard Teichmann
March 1912 rating list
2801:
Emanuel Lasker
2776:
Akiba Rubinstein
2750:
Carl Schlechter
2750:
José Capablanca
2740:
Richard Teichmann
April 1912 rating list
2799:
Emanuel Lasker
2780:
Akiba Rubinstein
2749:
José Capablanca
2748:
Carl Schlechter
2739:
Richard Teichmann
May 1912 rating list
2795:
Emanuel Lasker
2781:
Akiba Rubinstein
2746:
José Capablanca
2744:
Carl Schlechter
2736:
Richard Teichmann
June 1912 rating list
2790:
Emanuel Lasker
2783:
Akiba Rubinstein
2742:
José Capablanca
2740:
Carl Schlechter
2734:
Aron Nimzowitsch
July 1912 rating list
2786:
Emanuel Lasker
2785:
Akiba Rubinstein
2739:
José Capablanca
2738:
Carl Schlechter
2737:
Aron Nimzowitsch
August 1912 rating list
2787:
Akiba Rubinstein
2781:
Emanuel Lasker
2739:
Aron Nimzowitsch
2735:
José Capablanca
2735:
Carl Schlechter
September 1912 rating list
2786:
Akiba Rubinstein
2774:
Emanuel Lasker
2739:
Aron Nimzowitsch
2730:
José Capablanca
2730:
Carl Schlechter
October 1912 rating list
2787:
Akiba Rubinstein
2768:
Emanuel Lasker
2740:
Aron Nimzowitsch
2727:
Carl Schlechter
2725:
José Capablanca
November 1912 rating list
2788:
Akiba Rubinstein
2762:
Emanuel Lasker
2741:
Aron Nimzowitsch
2725:
Carl Schlechter
2720:
José Capablanca
December 1912 rating list
2788:
Akiba Rubinstein
2756:
Emanuel Lasker
2742:
Aron Nimzowitsch
2722:
Carl Schlechter
2720:
Siegbert Tarrasch
1913
#1-ranked player
#2-ranked player
#3-ranked player
#4-ranked player
#5-ranked player
January 1913 rating list
2788:
Akiba Rubinstein
2749:
Emanuel Lasker
2742:
Aron Nimzowitsch
2721:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2719:
Carl Schlechter
February 1913 rating list
2788:
Akiba Rubinstein
2743:
Aron Nimzowitsch
2741:
Emanuel Lasker
2724:
Frank Marshall
2722:
Siegbert Tarrasch
March 1913 rating list
2788:
Akiba Rubinstein
2742:
Aron Nimzowitsch
2740:
Emanuel Lasker
2731:
Frank Marshall
2722:
Siegbert Tarrasch
April 1913 rating list
2788:
Akiba Rubinstein
2743:
Aron Nimzowitsch
2735:
Frank Marshall
2734:
Emanuel Lasker
2723:
Siegbert Tarrasch
May 1913 rating list
2788:
Akiba Rubinstein
2743:
Aron Nimzowitsch
2737:
Frank Marshall
2728:
Emanuel Lasker
2724:
Siegbert Tarrasch
June 1913 rating list
2789:
Akiba Rubinstein
2744:
Aron Nimzowitsch
2740:
Frank Marshall
2725:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2721:
Emanuel Lasker
July 1913 rating list
2786:
Akiba Rubinstein
2741:
Aron Nimzowitsch
2739:
Frank Marshall
2723:
Siegbert Tarrasch
2718:
Carl Schlechter
August 1913 rating list
2786:
Akiba Rubinstein
2741:
Frank Marshall
2741:
Aron Nimzowitsch
2728:
José Capablanca
2723:
Siegbert Tarrasch
September 1913 rating list
2784:
Akiba Rubinstein
2743:
Alexander Alekhine
2743:
Frank Marshall
2740:
Aron Nimzowitsch
2729:
José Capablanca
October 1913 rating list
2785:
Akiba Rubinstein
2748:
José Capablanca
2746:
Frank Marshall
2742:
Alexander Alekhine
2738:
Aron Nimzowitsch
November 1913 rating list
2785:
Akiba Rubinstein
2755:
José Capablanca
2749:
Frank Marshall
2743:
Alexander Alekhine
2738:
Aron Nimzowitsch
December 1913 rating list
2785:
Akiba Rubinstein
2755:
José Capablanca
2751:
Frank Marshall
2744:
Alexander Alekhine
2738:
Aron Nimzowitsch
1914
#1-ranked player
#2-ranked player
#3-ranked player
#4-ranked player
#5-ranked player
January 1914 rating list
2785:
Akiba Rubinstein
2755:
José Capablanca
2753:
Frank Marshall
2744:
Alexander Alekhine
2738:
Aron Nimzowitsch
February 1914 rating list
2785:
Akiba Rubinstein
2756:
José Capablanca
2753:
Frank Marshall
2747:
Alexander Alekhine
2737:
Aron Nimzowitsch
March 1914 rating list
2785:
Akiba Rubinstein
2756:
José Capablanca
2753:
Frank Marshall
2749:
Alexander Alekhine
2738:
Aron Nimzowitsch
April 1914 rating list
2784:
Akiba Rubinstein
2771:
José Capablanca
2754:
Frank Marshall
2753:
Alexander Alekhine
2738:
Aron Nimzowitsch
May 1914 rating list
2809:
José Capablanca
2768:
Akiba Rubinstein
2754:
Frank Marshall
2753:
Alexander Alekhine
2745:
Siegbert Tarrasch
June 1914 rating list
2836:
Emanuel Lasker
2823:
José Capablanca
2769:
Akiba Rubinstein
2762:
Alexander Alekhine
2744:
Frank Marshall
July 1914 rating list
2834:
Emanuel Lasker
2823:
José Capablanca
2769:
Akiba Rubinstein
2764:
Alexander Alekhine
2744:
Frank Marshall
August 1914 rating list
2830:
Emanuel Lasker
2819:
José Capablanca
2772:
Alexander Alekhine
2764:
Akiba Rubinstein
2739:
Frank Marshall
September 1914 rating list
2828:
Emanuel Lasker
2819:
José Capablanca
2773:
Alexander Alekhine
2763:
Akiba Rubinstein
2739:
Frank Marshall
October 1914 rating list
2826:
Emanuel Lasker
2819:
José Capablanca
2774:
Alexander Alekhine
2763:
Akiba Rubinstein
2739:
Frank Marshall
November 1914 rating list
2825:
Emanuel Lasker
2819:
José Capablanca
2775:
Alexander Alekhine
2762:
Akiba Rubinstein
2739:
Frank Marshall
December 1914 rating list
2822:
Emanuel Lasker
2818:
José Capablanca
2776:
Alexander Alekhine
2762:
Akiba Rubinstein
2738:
Frank Marshall